密集的检索方法可以克服词汇差距并导致显着改善的搜索结果。但是，它们需要大量的培训数据，这些数据不适用于大多数域。如前面的工作所示（Thakur等，2021b），密集检索的性能在域移位下严重降低。这限制了密集检索方法的使用，只有几个具有大型训练数据集的域。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的无监督域适配方法生成伪标签（GPL），其将查询发生器与来自跨编码器的伪标记相结合。在六种代表性域专用数据集中，我们发现所提出的GPL可以优于箱子外的最先进的密集检索方法，最高可达8.9点NDCG @ 10。 GPL需要来自目标域的少（未标记）数据，并且在其培训中比以前的方法更强大。我们进一步调查了六种最近训练方法在检索任务的域改编方案中的作用，其中只有三种可能会产生改善的结果。最好的方法，Tsdae（Wang等，2021）可以与GPL结合，在六个任务中产生了1.0点NDCG @ 10的另一个平均改善。

The lack of any sender authentication mechanism in place makes CAN (Controller Area Network) vulnerable to security threats. For instance, an attacker can impersonate an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) on the bus and send spoofed messages unobtrusively with the identifier of the impersonated ECU. To address the insecure nature of the system, this thesis demonstrates a sender authentication technique that uses power consumption measurements of the electronic control units (ECUs) and a classification model to determine the transmitting states of the ECUs. The method's evaluation in real-world settings shows that the technique applies in a broad range of operating conditions and achieves good accuracy. A key challenge of machine learning-based security controls is the potential of false positives. A false-positive alert may induce panic in operators, lead to incorrect reactions, and in the long run cause alarm fatigue. For reliable decision-making in such a circumstance, knowing the cause for unusual model behavior is essential. But, the black-box nature of these models makes them uninterpretable. Therefore, another contribution of this thesis explores explanation techniques for inputs of type image and time series that (1) assign weights to individual inputs based on their sensitivity toward the target class, (2) and quantify the variations in the explanation by reconstructing the sensitive regions of the inputs using a generative model. In summary, this thesis (https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/18134) presents methods for addressing the security and interpretability in automotive systems, which can also be applied in other settings where safe, transparent, and reliable decision-making is crucial.

Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. In the current context where online platforms have been effectively weaponized in a variety of geo-political events and social issues, Internet memes make fair content moderation at scale even more difficult. Existing work on meme classification and tracking has focused on black-box methods that do not explicitly consider the semantics of the memes or the context of their creation. In this paper, we pursue a modular and explainable architecture for Internet meme understanding. We design and implement multimodal classification methods that perform example- and prototype-based reasoning over training cases, while leveraging both textual and visual SOTA models to represent the individual cases. We study the relevance of our modular and explainable models in detecting harmful memes on two existing tasks: Hate Speech Detection and Misogyny Classification. We compare the performance between example- and prototype-based methods, and between text, vision, and multimodal models, across different categories of harmfulness (e.g., stereotype and objectification). We devise a user-friendly interface that facilitates the comparative analysis of examples retrieved by all of our models for any given meme, informing the community about the strengths and limitations of these explainable methods.

The advancement in the area of computer vision has been brought using deep learning mechanisms. Image Forensics is one of the major areas of computer vision application. Forgery of images is sub-category of image forensics and can be detected using Error Level Analysis. Using such images as an input, this can turn out to be a binary classification problem which can be leveraged using variations of convolutional neural networks. In this paper we perform transfer learning with state-of-the-art image classification models over error level analysis induced CASIA ITDE v.2 dataset. The algorithms used are VGG-19, Inception-V3, ResNet-152-V2, XceptionNet and EfficientNet-V2L with their respective methodologies and results.

Observational studies have recently received significant attention from the machine learning community due to the increasingly available non-experimental observational data and the limitations of the experimental studies, such as considerable cost, impracticality, small and less representative sample sizes, etc. In observational studies, de-confounding is a fundamental problem of individualised treatment effects (ITE) estimation. This paper proposes disentangled representations with adversarial training to selectively balance the confounders in the binary treatment setting for the ITE estimation. The adversarial training of treatment policy selectively encourages treatment-agnostic balanced representations for the confounders and helps to estimate the ITE in the observational studies via counterfactual inference. Empirical results on synthetic and real-world datasets, with varying degrees of confounding, prove that our proposed approach improves the state-of-the-art methods in achieving lower error in the ITE estimation.

我们解决了在室内环境中对于具有有限感应功能和有效载荷/功率限制的微型航空车的高效3-D勘探问题。我们开发了一个室内探索框架，该框架利用学习来预测看不见的区域的占用，提取语义特征，样本观点，以预测不同探索目标的信息收益以及计划的信息轨迹，以实现安全和智能的探索。在模拟和实际环境中进行的广泛实验表明，就结构化室内环境中的总路径长度而言，所提出的方法的表现优于最先进的勘探框架，并且在勘探过程中的成功率更高。

批次归一化被广泛用于深度学习以使中间激活归一化。深层网络臭名昭著地增加了训练的复杂性，要​​求仔细的体重初始化，需要较低的学习率等。这些问题已通过批归一化解决（\ textbf {bn}）来解决，通过将激活的输入归功于零平均值和单位标准偏差。使培训过程的批归归量化部分显着加速了非常深网络的训练过程。一个新的研究领域正在进行研究\ textbf {bn}成功背后的确切理论解释。这些理论见解中的大多数试图通过将其对优化，体重量表不变性和正则化的影响来解释\ textbf {bn}的好处。尽管\ textbf {bn}在加速概括方面取得了不可否认的成功，但分析的差距将\ textbf {bn}与正则化参数的效果相关联。本文旨在通过\ textbf {bn}对正则化参数的数据依赖性自动调整，并具有分析证明。我们已将\ textbf {bn}提出为对非 - \ textbf {bn}权重的约束优化，通过该优化，我们通过它演示其数据统计信息依赖于正则化参数的自动调整。我们还为其在嘈杂的输入方案下的行为提供了分析证明，该方案揭示了正则化参数的信号与噪声调整。我们还通过MNIST数据集实验的经验结果证实了我们的主张。

机器学习的回归分支纯粹集中于连续值的预测。监督学习分支具有许多基于回归的方法，具有参数和非参数学习模型。在本文中，我们旨在针对与基于距离的回归模型相关的非常微妙的点。所使用的基于距离的模型是K-Nearest邻居回归器，它是一种监督的非参数方法。我们要证明的观点是模型的k参数的效果及其影响指标的波动。我们使用的指标是根平方误差和R平方拟合的优点，其值相对于K值的值表示。

离线手写数学表达识别（HMER）是数学表达识别领域的主要领域。与在线HMER相比，由于缺乏时间信息和写作风格的可变性，离线HMER通常被认为是一个更困难的问题。在本文中，我们目的是使用配对对手学习的编码器模型。语义不变的特征是从手写数学表达图像及其编码器中的印刷数学表达式中提取的。学习语义不变的特征与Densenet编码器和变压器解码器相结合，帮助我们提高了先前研究的表达率。在Crohme数据集上进行了评估，我们已经能够将最新的Crohme 2019测试集结果提高4％。

操作员的学习框架由于其能够在两个无限尺寸功能空间之间学习非线性图和神经网络的利用能力，因此最近成为应用机器学习领域中最相关的领域之一。尽管这些框架在建模复杂现象方面具有极大的能力，但它们需要大量数据才能成功培训，这些数据通常是不可用或太昂贵的。但是，可以通过使用多忠诚度学习来缓解此问题，在这种学习中，通过使用大量廉价的低保真数据以及少量昂贵的高保真数据来训练模型。为此，我们开发了一个基于小波神经操作员的新框架，该框架能够从多保真数据集中学习。通过解决不同的问题，需要在两个忠诚度之间进行有效的相关性学习来证明开发模型的出色学习能力。此外，我们还评估了开发框架在不确定性定量中的应用。从这项工作中获得的结果说明了拟议框架的出色表现。